Pretrial Release and Diversion Programs - 918 Words

trial Release and Diversion Pretrial release and diversion programs are meant to handle defendants prior to them standing trial. Pretrial release and diversion programs developed to deal with jail overcrowding because jails simply could not handle the number of defendants that were incarcerated prior to trial. There are four types of diversion programs: diversion from arrest, diversion from prosecution, diversion from jail, and diversion from imprisonment. The goal of pretrial release and diversion is to identify those defendants who do not pose a substantial danger to society and are good candidates for being released on their own recognizance. In addition to releasing the defendants from jails and freeing up critical space, pretrial diversion programs have to consider things like community safety. Therefore, not all defendants awaiting trial are eligible for pretrial diversion. Those in charge of pretrial diversion programs are have to consider the defendants prior history, life experience, and the nature of the accusations against the defendant. Pretrial diversion programs are voluntary programs. If a defendant is considered an appropriate candidate for a pretrial diversion program, he or she can opt for the pretrial diversion program. In that case, rather than facing trial for the crime, the defendant is placed in a probation-type scenario. The court oversees the defendant for a set period of time and if the defendant complies with the terms of theShow MoreRelatedPretrial Diversion Programs919 Words   |  4 PagesPretrial Diversion Programs In the United States, over 90,000 juveniles are incarcerated in juvenile justice facilities. To house 90,000 juveniles, majority non-violent offenders, it costs the states roughly 5.7 billion dollars annually. â€Å"With states facing serious budgetary constraints, it is an opportune time or policymakers to consider ways to reduce juvenile justice spending that won’t compromise public safety.† In the effort to reduce juvenile justice costs, community-based programs knownRead MoreThe Benefits Of Pretrial Diversion By Jerome D. Taylor IIi1031 Words   |  5 PagesBenefits of Pretrial Diversion Jerome D. Taylor III Western Kentucky University Abstract There are many benefits for jail diversionary programs in the state of Kentucky. Nonviolent offenders, family members, judicial systems, and the jails can benefit from keeping these people out of jail and in society. I was surprised to find, during my research very few negatives to these programs around the country. Key Words Incarceration: Confinement in a jail or prison. (http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionaryRead MoreToday s Criminal Justice Over The Past Few Decades1307 Words   |  6 Pagespenalties amid the extremes of imprisonment and regular probation. Usually, increases in crime have been retorted with increases in imprisonment. This has developed a counterproductive model that often lead to overcrowded prisons and jails, early release of potentially dangerous criminals, and corrections budgets that eat away state funds. In an effort to be hard on crime, many jurisdictions are making their incarceration standards harsher. Regular probation isn’t the answer either. The security ofRead MorePrison Overcrowding And The Criminal Justice System Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pagesinterview Warden Stevenson proposes the idea of rehabilitation programs. Governor Warner backs up the warden’s statements by adding that changes and a development plan should be implemented quickly. When felons are given minimum sentences more room becomes available in the system for felons who have committed more serious crimes. Under these circumstances a judge needs to consider public safety for criminals who qualify for early release. Communities want to be reassured that their safety is notRead MoreRape And Burglary As A Post Incarceration Supervision1730 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on good behavior or earned time. There is usually underlying expectations on the amount of punishment and a set release date with no review by parole boards or officials. Parole is considered a post-incarceration supervision and can be a part of the sentence. These reforms are from those of the late 1970’s. California, Illinois, Maine and Indiana abolished the parole release decision and replaced this with the determinate sentencing notion. There has been only one state that has truly changedRead MoreAn Overview of Alternative Methods of Incarceration700 Words   |  3 Pages60; Probat ion .33)† (Piquero, 2010). There are a number of alternatives to prison and the following five will be addressed; (1) Faith-Based Rehabilitation Programs, (2) Residential Community Corrections, (3) Diversionary Treatment Programs, (4) House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring, and (5) Ignition Interlocks. Faith-Based Rehabilitation Programs: A study by Grant Duwe, Ph.D. and Byron Johnson Ph.D. of Baylor Universities Institute for Studies of Religion (ISR) affirm that the cost-benefit analysisRead MoreThe Limits Of The Criminal Sanction Written By The Criminologist Scholar Herbert Packer Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesemphasizes crime prevention and includes conservative values. An example of this is the broken windows theory where is a good-fighting crime strategy and creates a better environment for the community and promoted the community to stay in active programs that focused on prevention and criminal activity. In the high-crime neighborhood areas, the police worked with the community. If a window was broken, then the owner of the window had to immediately replace it. If there was graffiti on the walls,Read MoreReducing Recidivism Within The Correctional System1783 Words   |  8 PagesDiversion programs have evolved over time. There are countless programs available with which they all aim to reduce recidivism within the correctional system. We’re going to discuss fome of the programs and their effectiveness. One program that has become widely used is Gang Resistance Education And Training (G.R.E.A.T.). In 1991 the Phoenix PD along with local educators and community leaders, implemented a school-based, gang prevention pilot program. With the hope to reduce gang activity and teachRead MoreThe Purpose of Prison2742 Words   |  11 Pagesmoney, murder, rob, and rape others within society. When people commit crime against others and not stay within the law they must be punished. This research paper will discuss the purposes for prisons, and analyze conditions of prison. There are programs in prison and out of prison to try to reduce an individual from returning to prison. The ultimate goal is to teach an individual right from wrong and rehabilitate an offender back into society, another goal of prison is to incapacitate the individualRead MoreCorrections and the Criminal Justice System1166 Words   |  5 Pagesincludes probation, prison, parole, residential community placement, and revocati on of probation and parole. However, there are a couple of things that do not fall under the correctional system, they are supervision during bail, detention in jail, diversion programs, and intermediate sanctions. Corrections is believed to be responsible for administering punishment to criminals. They prevent future crime through deterrence and incapacitation, limiting offenders the opportunity to commit further crimes,

Essay about American History - 1625 Words

With rapid changes occurring during our present-day, many have always pondered the thought, â€Å"How did America become this way?† Taking a step back, we are able to analyze our past, understand the present, and connect the dots leading into our future. Many of our ancestors left behind stories and clues that have given us knowledge on how America became, â€Å"Land of the Free† directing us into a better understanding of American history. Taking a look back at Unit 1, we were able to learn reasons that lead up to the American Revolution and how life became different throughout the country. When we first discuss American history, we must always recognize the contributions Native Americans made before this country was re-discovered. Afore America†¦show more content†¦In our first discussion board, we learned about the Spanish empire and their effect on America. During the time of the Spanish reign â€Å"New World Orders† were set in place changing the ol d customs that were once traditional to the native’s land. Religion such as the Catholic Church, â€Å"Played a significant role in the administration of Spanish colonies† (Foner pg. 21) which was to initiate change and bring forth a new tradition amongst Native Americans as well as African Slaves. In the lecture (Pre-Colombian America), it said that, â€Å"Women who accepted Christianity and other European ways were depicted as proof and promise of success of the transplant of English culture in the New World.† During our second discussion board, we learned about the â€Å"Casta† paintings and why the Spanish artists depicted Native Americans and Africans as poor compared to the Spanish who were depicted as wealthy. It is said that the reason Spanish artists created these paintings was to ensure their wealth by sending off paintings to Spain in order to boast about their status of being noble class as well as their success in The New World. Although Spai n’s authority in Europe began to weaken, an increase of immigration from Europe to America would later give rise to an everlasting effect when the English would soon colonize America. Over the course of time, slavery had taken an increase throughout NorthShow MoreRelatedEssay Interpretations of American History600 Words   |  3 PagesInterpretations of American History The world is full of rich culture, diversity and experiences unique to each individual. When determining the validity of historic accounts we must factor in that particular historian’s point of view, which should be characterized by ethnicity, idealogy, theoretical or methodological preference. With these factors views of the past often vary from person to person. In this essay I will be discussing the four different stages that shaped the writing of American history over theRead MoreA Study Of Latin American History1308 Words   |  6 PagesIV. Methodologies and trends Caribbean Many often consider the study of Latin American history or subjects like race to show that Much of Latin American historical studies are comparative. Many of the Latin American countries have their own history but share similar cultural conductions concerning race. The history of race relations in Latin America has become a central theme in a fair amount of scholarly activities. This in turn has made the historiography of Latin America to become much more relevantRead MoreChinese History And American History1071 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen studying Chinese history for a long time, but the interesting phenomenon is in 5000-year history of China, there is only one formal empress called Wu Zetian, and the amounts of emperors are four hundred and eight. The percentage of women to be a leader of China is 0.25%. Nowadays, Hilary Clinton has been reported by all the newspaper and TV shows, because she is the only woman who has possibility to be the first female president. Comparing Chinese h istory and American history, it is rare to seeRead MoreEssay on Racism in American History X936 Words   |  4 Pages American History X is clearly a film dealing with racism. The interesting thing about this film is the way in which the subject is treated. First of all, it is obvious that, though racism is always a difficult subject to deal with, American History X presents it without any reservations or dumming down. Second, the films figurehead for racism, Derek Vinyard (Edward Norton), is not an unintelligent redneck racist as films often portray them, but is in fact well-spoken, charismatic and intelligentRead MoreAmerican History X: Analysis of Lighting and Color2182 Words   |  9 PagesAmerican History X American History X is divided into two color schemes, black and white, and color, these schemes symbolize the before and after of Derek Vinyards life. The film is about the life of an idol skinhead and D.O.C. member Derek Vinyard, and how his life of hate and racism has affected his family and himself. Throughout the movie the importance of color and lighting is obvious, because it divides the movie into two fused worlds of Derek. Some of the movie is shot in black and whiteRead MoreAfrican Americans And African American History959 Words   |  4 PagesAs African Americans we need to know the history of our ancestors in order to make the next generation better. African Americans need to know the struggles and hardships that our ancestors had to go through that pave the way for my generation and the generations after me. It is important to know how our ancestors had to endure slavery. If the older generation does not continue to pay homage to the history of our ancestors, the younger generation will lose sight of what our ancestors have been throughRead MoreThe American Of American History1199 Words   |  5 PagesSpain; and before there was Boston, Mass., there was Santa Fe, N.M. The teaching of American history generally highlights the establishment and development of the British colonies in North America, their appearance as an independent nation in 1776, and the change of the United States from east to west. This action easily overlooks the fact that there was important colonization by Spain of what is now the American Southwest from the 16th century on. It also tends to disregard, until the Mexican WarRead MoreMonism, Dualism, and Pluralism in American History Essay885 Words   |  4 Pagesseems readily apparent that monism is without a doubt the very worst way to approach history, Societies and cultures are not one dimensional, but rather are made up of a tapestry of factors. Thus looking at just one aspect gives the historian only a myopic sense of wha t was going on or what people were thinking at a particular time or place in history. While this is typically thought of as being the consensus history of the great white men, however other schools of historical thought can also be viewedRead MoreAmerican History4495 Words   |  18 Pagesname 1 First name Last name Instructors Name Course Number 15 February 2016 SECTION 1 Describe the economic, social and political importance of water in the historical narrative from 1500 through the 1790s. Introduction The use of water in the history of the United States impacted the everyday life of the various inhabitants presents during the vast period from early 16 century to the 1790s. Before the colonist and settlers ever migrated to this region, the natives who were the Indians were ableRead MoreThe American Revolution And American History953 Words   |  4 PagesIn the year 1765 the American colonists in the thirteen colonists had an upheaval with Great Britain. The colonists were tired of British Parliament’s rules and taxes that Parliament was placing on imported goods; such as tea. Historians believe that the beginning point in American History really started with the American Revolution. Britain was trying to force their culture onto the colonists. However, the colonist wanted no part in changing their whole cultural background that they created to the

The Relations Between Native Americans and Colonists free essay sample

This feeling of superiority led to an outbreak of violence and many different civil Wars. Due to the Native American and the Colonists irreconcilable differences many casualties were suffered by both sides leading to more wars and the displacement of many Indian tribes. One of the Native Americans biggest killers was illness, specifically Small Pox. The immune system of the Native Americans did not have the same tolerances as that of the European Settlers. Their immune systems could not handle exposure to the diseases that they have never been exposed to before.It has been rumored the while trading with the Native Americans, the Illinois purposely gave them blankets infected with the Small pox disease. Small Pox was not the only illness that was prevalent during the settling of the colonies. Dobson (1983) and Merely (1984) report several European-induced epidemics in Florida, the Carolinas, and Virginia between 1519 and 1 750, including smallpox, bubonic plague, typhus, mumps, influenza, yellow fever, and measles, although Dobson research has been argued methodically unsound by others. Bubonic plague and scarlet fever depopulated the Seneca in the asses to such an extent that four village settlements were arced to amalgamate into two. Archaeologists found Seneca ceramics dating to the post-epidemic period that were characterized by rough, uneven craftsmanship, suggesting the epidemics killed a substantial percentage of skilled artisans and thus eliminated some cultural Illness was only one of the issues between Colonists and Indians. Another cause for poor relations between Native Americans and European Settlers was the constant push for acquiring new land by the Colonists. The Native Americans did not just want to give up their land and this resulted in war between the Indians and the Colonists. During this time Native Americans were sold into slavery belittled and removed from their land, due to the fact that the Colonists had more advanced technology and weapons. One of the major wars was the French and Indian War which resulted in the removal Of Native Americans from their land and many casualties on both sides. Over time many battles were fought over land, even after America was an established country with presidents, laws, and court systems.Native Americans were continually pushed out of their land for hundreds of years while they were forced to move west. The constant push of Native Americans UT of their land would cause an event known as the Trail of Tears where thousands of Indians were removed from their land by the Indian Removal Act. In 1830 the Congress of the United States passed the Indian Removal Act. Although many Americans were against the act, most notably Tennessee Congressman Dad Crockett, it passed any. Way. President Jackson quickly signed the bill into law.The Cherokees attempted to fight removal legally by challenging the removal laws in the Supreme Court and by establishing an independent Cherokee Nation. At first the court seemed to rule against the Indians. In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, the Court refused to hear a case extending Georgians laws on the Cherokee because they did not represent a sovereign nation. In 1832, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee on the same issue in Worcester v. Georgia. In this case Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign, making the removal laws invalid.The Cherokee would have to agree to removal in a treaty. The treaty then would have to be ratified by the Senate (Trail Of Tears). Because of the many wars between Native Americans and the Colonists, Indians went from owning most of the land in America to being limited to a few reserves in their own country. Because of the colonists and the many years of war bewilder them and the Natives the Native American went from dominating America to now having pitiful reserves allotted to them.Their population dramatically decreased from the start, and kept declining after new diseases plagued them, bitter weather lashed at them during their treks across America from being pushed off their land, and because of the wars endless amounts of Natives were slaughtered. With the arrival of colonists came the demise of the Native Americans (Nubbin). The European Settlers would take advantage of tribes and use them for their own benefit. The Pawned became scouts.They were very successful in helping protect the railroad as it was being built across Nebraska, and they accompanied several U. S. Amy expeditions against the warring Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho. But, by the late 1 8705, the Pawned Scouts were disbanded, and the U. S. Government had removed most members of the Pawned tribe from Nebraska to Indian Territory south of Nebraska (Conflict and Negotiation). Even after the Pawned Indians were instrumental in the retention of the railroad tracks, there land was still taken from them.During the colonial times many peace treaties were sign by both sides for ensure tranquility in the region. The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 was made in a effort to promote peace among settlers and rival tribes. The tribes and government negotiated a treaty with some key points: peace among tribes, $50,000 per tribe for 10 years, where the Indians were allowed to hunt and fish, and for the United States to establish roads and forts. If the treaty was violated then the Government could withhold the money from the tribes. Unfortunately the peace did not last.In 1 854 -? eight years before the Homestead Act -? some Alaska near Fort Laramie butchered an emigrants cow they thought was abandoned. Lat. John Grants and 29 soldiers were sent to investigate the incident. Grants opened fire on the Indian camp. The Indians retaliated, killing all of the soldiers. The next year Gene. William Harley was ordered to restore peace on the trail. He found a Alaska camp at Blue Water Creek in Garden County and attacked it, although the camp residents had nothing to do with the Grants slaughter. Harnesss troops killed 136 men, women, and children.Although peace was restored, pressure continued to build, and war broke out again in 1863 with attacks on Overland Trail travelers. In 1867 the Alaska pushed eastward and attacked a Join Pacific railroad train in Dawson County, Nebraska. Attempts at peaceful settlements resulted in payments of food, guns, and other goods to the Alaska (Conflict and Negotiation). So even after America gave its word in the form of a contract they would opt out of the deal as they pleased. With the United States being overbearing and power hungry, the allegations was doomed for failure.

The World Trade Organization Role in the World of Trade

Introduction Trade and all the operations that surround trade are governed by set regulations both locally and internationally. Trade is a key area in the economy of nations and makes immense contributions to the growth of nations. There are several organizations that govern the dimensions and the nature of trade worldwide and regionally. These organizations are healthy for the sustainability of trade in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The World Trade Organization Role in the World of Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of these organizations are the world trade organization and the regional trade agreements. They work to push for considerable reductions in the trade tariffs and subsidies. They are also good tools of securing improved export opportunities for the producers. The world trade organization is a market mover in the world of trade. It is the major firm that supervises and liberalizes trade worldwide. Through the world trade organization, many agreements have been formed and made to stabilize the field of trade. The trade organization has been highly involved in conflict resolutions processes and helping the member countries to adhere to the agreement rules. In this highly competitive trade era, there has been a rapid growth of regionally oriented trade agreements which has contributed to the weakening of the multilateral trading systems. The trade agreements are a pertinent part of the world trade organization but they can strengthen trade or at times break the already built up pillars of trade. Globalization, neoliberalism, free trade and open markets are criticized at a very high rate. In the global market big economies are shaping trade and their interests rule the market. The politically and the economically stable nations are dominating the market trends which simply dictates their interest. How WTO relate with the regional trade organizations Regional tra de agreements are a segment of the international trade and a key feature of multilateral trading systems that presents the members of the world trade organization with opportunities and challenges. They promote free trade at the regional level helping implement reforms domestically. This helps lesser economies to wheedle aggressive environments, by addressing factors affecting production, which helps them to embrace competition at a suitable pace thus incorporating the amalgamation to the world economy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The growth of the regional trade agreements heaves a concern about the declining power of the multilateral trading system. In the European countries, they are mainly pivoted on the European Union. These agreements are deeply rooted in the domestic regions and their coverage is immense. They have extended to the service industry. Regional trade agreements open up a freedom in competition in the international market. They help build up complex set of connections and regulatory regimes which focus on the trade policies. There have been some points in the RTAs some disagreement has been depicted in elucidation of some elements pertaining to their procedures with the WTO. But over time they have made up agreements on the procedures to apply to their members. For example, streamlining the examination processes by the WTO which was solved through the creation of the committee of regional trade agreements The RTA operates under the guidance of regulations and tariffs which are upheld regionally. They are maintained for substantial commerce in the regions. RTAs are the mediums for promoting deeper incorporation in their economies than is presently through the WTO. It has become hard to scrutinize the consistency of RTA with WTO due to the divergence of the trade agreements. Though this is not the only problem, there has been a pre ssure for them to clarify the rules for multilateral negotiations to put a clear line of rules. The RTA builds the base for the WTO agreements with more comprehensive discipline. They assist strongly in the reinstatement of trade roles and solving the global economic predicaments which enhance economic growth and development. The agreements are generally introduced so as to deal with the issues that revolve around trade and investment. They therefore resolve the crisis in these areas where they also closely identify areas for on capacity building.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The World Trade Organization Role in the World of Trade specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nature and characteristics of RTAs Traders in economies where they operate without government interventions, they are often forced to form policies that govern their businesses. These policies are commonly referred to as free trade agreements. The po licy authorizes mutual gains from the trade. These policies make easier communication of the true supply and demand leading to effective resource allocation. According to the Office of the United States Trade Representatives (2010, 1), the trade agreements have continually become complex in that they are not only opening up free trade within the signatory countries but they have shaped both international trade and investments flows within their localities or regions. They are affecting the large regions they are located in for example Asian Pacific regions. The trade agreements have had major implications to the political, social and economic status in the local and domestic levels. Comparing with the coverage of the earlier agreements the RTAs have expansive coverage. The coverage is approximately 100 percent, even though it has been challenged in the field of agriculture. Under the examination of world trade organization the RTAs, in the industrial sector there is full coverage wh ile in agriculture it is selective coverage. Another characteristic of the trade agreements is that they eliminate or reduce exercise duties charged to the member countries while trading with each other. They have offered coverage of investments, intellectual property, and deal with technical barriers to trade. The agreements deal with quantitative restrictions (Dent, 2010). RTAs use the synchronization and elimination of trade procedural barriers to help its members accomplish economies of scales and help them gain a competitive edge internationally. The most imperative one is the ability of establishing a common single market in the region of existence. The RTA help simplifies the rules set for the third world countries which are a great advantage to them. Though the harmonization of standards has not ventured well in the international level, it has been effective to the regional agreements. These harmonization yields sunshine internally in that they lead to gains internally but y ield undesirable effects on the third parties.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In comparison to the unsuccessful trade agreements of the 19th century the modern RTA‘s operations are more widespread and established better. They have been designed specifically to achieve trade diversions. In consequence trade within the RTA has extensively been enhanced and developed in a rapid rate than trade from the non-members. There has been more than 2 percent a growth difference between the member nations and the non-members. Though trade agreements have to some extent promoted growth of trade within the members’ states; we cannot be ignorant that some regional trade agreements have led to the breakdown of the trade in these regions. Some states have taken an advantage of dominating the market using regional trade agreements to limit markets for their commodities. The whole quintessence of regional growth by the RTAs deflects the attention from multilateral trading systems. According to the views of Lawrence (1999) liberalizations brought forth by the regiona l free trade agreements, enhance and strengthen the hand of export and pro-trade forces. They are an open opportunity for the countries joining the multilateral trading systems have to compete among themselves. According to Allan Winters, RTAs are likened to street gangs which most of us don’t like but they are allover in our neighborhood. He also says that the models been applied in the regional free trade agreements have not been clearly determined where they encourage or discourage the evolution towards free trade. In his view the regionalism increases the risks of upheaval of trading systems. The free trade agreements have enable the nations enjoy good environment, social and economic health. This is mainly as a result of effort to make trade good for the advantage of the countries economy. To make business run well among the signatory countries the governments of those countries make sure the infrastructure with the nations are good. This improves the living standards of the people and opens up opportunities for them hence they are able to improve their living standards. The trade agreements have changed from regional to preferential agreements within the years. This is because countries have signed them with the nations they would like to interact with in business. This makes other nation end up been locked out of the deals and the have to labor hard in order to trade with some of these nations (Khor, 2005). The bilateral agreements are said and thought to lead to trade diversions. This is where by the partner divert away products that may be more cheaply priced in favor of products from their partner. They therefore sell their goods at a lower price than expected to gain favor with the partners or they end up been inefficient. The trade agreements between the developing nations lead to low bargaining capacity of the economies which ends up to weaker political situations and negotiation of resources. The developing are able to work well on the bas is of non-reciprocity and thrive well in non- reciprocal outcomes n which they are obliged to open air markets (Dent, 2010). The RTAs have tried to lift up some of the policies and allow flexibilities. The inclusion of many policies puts a lot of pressure on financial resources in developing countries and requires a lot of technical expertise. Impact of Regional free trade agreements on WTO Regional trade agreements (RTAs) have grown at a high rate in the recent years. These trade agreements are aimed at reducing trade barriers within the member states in a given region. They are enacted in the belief that they will enhance economic growth and development among the member states. The increasing growth of regional trade and trade agreements has created interdependence between the trade partners (Khor, 2005, 1). The terms of trade within a given regional trade only favors the members of the agreements and discriminates the non members. This has great impact on the World Trade Organiza tion (WHO) whose aim is to enhance multilateral trade between nations. The Regional trade agreements attempts to increase trade efficiency through eliminating tariff barriers. WHO tries to liberalize international trade and its mandate is to ensure that there is fair trade between nations in the world. World Trade Organization is superior to the RTA but gives the member of the RTA a certain degree of autonomy. The members of the regional trade agreements are considered exceptional by the WHO. They are allowed to operate within the framework of the RTAs and may not be members of the WTO. The regional free trade agreements have also improved interdependence and trade between member countries. Countries come together and agree to eliminate trade tariffs between themselves in order to make trade efficient and more beneficial to them. This is meant to promote economic growth between the countries. There have been debates on whether Regional Free Trade Agreements (RFTA) promotes or underm ines the WTO processes in eliminating trade and investment barriers. The economies that come together to form RFTA argue that they are heading towards realizing global trade liberalization that is a major goal of WHO. It has not been made clear on how the RFTA complements WTO process and therefore the contribution of RFTA in WHO remains not fully unraveled. One of the principles of the WTO is to ensure there is non-discrimination in trade between the members. The members of WTO should be given equal treatment while trading with the other members because they operate under the same conditions. The same terms applied by one member to another member should be the same to all members. RFTA discriminates non members because they do not apply the same conditions to members and non members. This contradicts the stipulations of the WTO and therefore there is no complementation. Arguing in this direction, the RFTA are not headed towards assuring future multi-lateralization because they discr iminate against non members. Despite this argument, it seem that GATT/WTO rules allows the RFTA to be discriminatory in nature because they categorize them as exceptional because they have potential to discriminate against non members. Most economies are therefore claiming that RFTA are in keeping with the WTO. Non-discriminatory global free trade in this case is of great benefit to the trading partners as they enjoy the same tariffs for similar commodities. This shows that the superiority of WHO over RFTA is still in place (Viner, 1950, 12). There is a big challenge in using RFTA in the evaluation of the multilateral rules because the RFTA have varied rules and may not be unified with ease. If RFTA could be allowed to run without any external interference, they can boost investment, labor and environment but may not be the best ground to measure the effectiveness of WTO. The RFTA are mostly formed by likeminded economies and they are therefore effective regionally and domestically. Though RFTA may not directly meet the goals of WTO, they greatly develop the economies of the member counties. However, the same could be achieved through multilateral approach. The RFTA may make investments by the member countries inefficient especially where there is proliferation of FTAs in various regions (Krueger, 1997, 8). This creates many rules and regulations that are hard to unify and therefore the partners belonging to more than one RFTA are unable to make investment decisions. It may pose a challenge in identifying the rules, regulations and incentives that apply to a certain partner belonging to more than one trade pact. Proliferation of FTAs also causes a product to have different tariffs because the tariffs that apply in one region are different from the others (Schiff, 2000, 19). This causes confusion to the member states as they are not able to make decisions with ease especially if they belong to more than one trade treaty. The presence of differing rates for the same product is against the principle of WTO that there should not be any form of discrimination among trading partners. The prices of the same commodity will also bring conflict in the market because it will have different rates depending on the treaty that govern the country from which they are imported. This will greatly hinder the realization of the goals of the WTO in those regions. Proliferation of FTAs with different terms and rules of trade if not well regulated, it may cause a stagnation of multilateral liberalization which is the main goal of GATT/WTO. According to Rajan and colleagues (2001, 18), RFTAs emphasizes on integrating market operations for its member states in order to improve trade diversions and trade creation within the region covered. This creates new and competitive business environment that will increase productivity and also depreciates prices as appropriate in order to facilitate trade. RFTAs also try to include in their framework the agreements on tax a nd investments that help boost the realization of WTO goals. Financial markets are also integrated and product standards between member state s are harmonized in order to ensure effective trade. There also important issues like labor and environment that may not win immediate support from the WTO though they are important in multilateral trade liberalization (Findlay Pangestu, 2001, 17). Today’s RFTAs are very supportive to WTO and can be used as grounds for testing complex trade issues and trade negotiations at multilateral level. This is due to their diverse coverage that not only includes trade issues but also other issues affecting a large number of counties like the environmental issues. Since RFTAs are very effective at the regional levels, their operations can be made multilateral so that they can help in making international levels effective world wide. For the RFTAs to become fully consistent with the global Most Favored Nation trade that the WTO seeks to achieve. R FTAs can be made multilateral and discriminatory if the issues are discussed outside their framework. That is, WTO should continue pursuing liberalization and not concentrate much on RFTAs. In so doing, RFTAs will gradually be made multilateral and non discriminatory. Alternatively, measures can be put in place within RFTAs that will enable them to become multilateral. Some of these measures should include allowing automatic membership (Sager, 1997, 341). Any country that wishes to join RFTAs should be allowed to join on the same terms as the members that joined during the formation of those RFTAs. There have been restrictions on who should join RFTAs and this has created discrimination that is against the stipulations of WTO. If such restrictions could be eliminated, most of the countries that could not join at the current terms will be able to join and benefit as the other countries (Bhagwati, 1995, 23). Pursuing global multilateral trade should also be one of their core goals. Th is will make them consistent with the WTO both in the long run and short run. This will also help eliminate the barriers to trade and investments that are pursued by the world trade organization. Conclusion Trade in any country is important because it allows people to acquire goods that they do not produce and sell what they produce. This enhances interdependence between countries and regions. In the increasing need for countries to trade with one another has lead to the establishments of trade agreements in order to ensure there is fair trade between nations. World Trade Organization was formed in order to ensure that there is fair trade between nations and that nations acquire economic growth and development through trade with each other. Nations have also come together to form regional trade blocs which are regulated through regional trade agreements. Mostly the members of regional trade agreements have common economic interests and establish laws and regulations that govern trad e between their member states. One of the major characteristics of regional trade agreements that have raised issues in the international trade is their discriminative nature (Steinberg, 2002, 341). They charge different trade tariffs to non members which to some extent are against world trade organization stipulations. The members of regional trade organizations have eliminated trade barriers among themselves in order to come up with what they call Regional Free Trade Agreements (RFTAs). These agreements due to their discriminative nature may not necessarily be in keeping with the WTO. WTO categorizes RFTAs as exceptional to avoid the contradiction brought about by their discriminative nature. Reference List Bhagwati, J., 1995. U.S. Trade Policy: The Infatuation with Free Trade Areas in the Dangerous Drift to Preferential Trade Agreements. Washington, D.C.: AEI Press. Dent, C., 2010. Free Trade Agreements in East Asia and the Asia-Pacific. East Asia: wreak.org. Web. Findlay, C. Pa ngestu, M., 2001. Regional Trade Arrangements in East Asia: Where are they taking us? Bangkok: Trade Policy Forum, PECC/APEC. Khor, M., 2005. Bilateral/Regional Free Trade Agreements: An Outline of Elements, Nature and Development Implications. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Office of the United States Trade Representatives. 2010. Trade Agreements. USA: USTR. Available at:Â  https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements . Rajan, R., Sen, R. . Siregar, R., 2001. Singapore and Free Trade Agreements: Economic Relations with Japan and the United States. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Sager, M., 1997. Regional Trade Agreements: Their Role and the Economic Impact on Trade Flows, World Economy, 20, 239-52. Schiff, M., 2000. Trade Blocs. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Steinberg, R.H., 2002. In the Shadow of Law or Power? Consensus-based Bargaining and Outcomes in the GATT/WTO., International Organization. Spring 2002. pp. 339-374. This essay on The World Trade Organization Role in the World of Trade was written and submitted by user Eliseo Mcgowan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Collision and Collusion

Collision and Collusion Collision and Collusion Collision and Collusion By Maeve Maddox A philosophical question from a reader prompts this post: I find it very interesting how collision is so close to collusion, considering the strange financial shenanigans that occur in that business [insurance and collision repair].   What is the background of these two words?   Are they actually related in any way? Clearly, the reader has had less fortunate experiences with insurance companies and collision repair centers than I have. The only connection between collision and collusion that I can discern is the prefix col-, which is a rendering of the Latin preposition cum (with). In English words, cum has produced the prefixes com-, con-, and col-. These prefixes convey the idea of â€Å"together, together with, in combination or union.† For example, the noun companion combines com- with panis (bread). A companion is â€Å"a person to eat bread with.† Sharing a meal with someone is often a sign of intimacy. Collision comes from the verb collide (col + laedere). The Latin verb laedere means â€Å"to injure† or â€Å"to damage.† When things collide, they strike or clash together. Collusion comes from the verb collude (col + ludere), The Latin verb ludere means, â€Å"to play.† When people collude, they â€Å"play† together. The kind of play meant here is not the friendly kind. It’s the deceptive activity implied in the expressions â€Å"to play at,† â€Å"to play one false,† and â€Å"to play into someone’s hands.† Collision is â€Å"the violent encounter of a moving body with another.† On the street, a collision usually involves vehicles. In physics, particles collide. Both collision and collide are used figuratively to indicate a clash of wills. The noun collision may also be used attributively (i.e., to modify another noun). Here are examples of usage: Both of the Washington State Patrol troopers injured in collisions Sunday night near Northgate have been released from the hospital. Two Metro-North Railroad trains collided after a derailment near Fairfield, Conn., at the height of the evening rush on Friday. Somalia: What happens when political and humanitarian goals collide? Global Markets and National Politics: Collision Course or Virtuous Circle? Collusion is a secret agreement for purposes of trickery or fraud. In law, collusion is an agreement between two or more parties for the purpose of defrauding others or to gain an unfair market advantage, for example, price-fixing and inside trading. Here are some recent headlines: Big Tech Companies Agree To Pay Up Over Hiring Collusion Shell and BP accused of collusion in South Africa How Hospitals and Health Insurers Collude at Your Expense Business and Government Collude over Education Policy and Funding Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating Conjunctions50 Nautical Terms in General Use20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays

First Come, First Served

First Come, First Served First Come, First Served First Come, First Served By Maeve Maddox The expression first come, first served began life as a proverb having the same sense as the early bird catches the worm. Both proverbs are admonitions against dawdling.†¨ The proverb was adopted by shopkeepers to convey the idea that customers would be served in the order of their arrival. In case of limited quantities, latecomers would be out of luck. And if the local squire got there after the char lady, hed have to wait his turn. The expression has become so common in modern times that the abbreviation FCFS and even Fcfs is seen in advertising and on ticket-selling sites. Because the expression originated before the 1900s when the idiom changed, modern speakers and writers have trouble with the usage. A common error is to write the phrase as first come, first serve. The confusion arises from thinking that come is the same kind of verb form as serve and that theyre supposed to match. One way to look at it is to think of first come, first served as an elliptical form of the first to come will be the first to be served. Another is to recognize come as a past participle or adjectival verb form. Consider: First seen, first treated. First gone, first missed. In first come, first served, come functions as an adjective. Its not a common usage these days, but I actually found a contemporary example in a song written by Steeleye Span, a British electric folk band. Its from their 2004 album They Called Her Babylon: some said, â€Å"give him the beef, the beef,† some said, â€Å"give him the bone.† and some said, â€Å"give him nothing at all but let the beggar roam.† then up and spake the new-come lord, a saucy word spoke he, â€Å"pass round the cup, let my rival sup, then send him on his way.† Confusion about the expression involves punctuation as well as spelling. No comma Bookings must be made by midnight 22nd June, so hurry, spaces are limited and available on a first come first served basis. Comma Free flights from British Airways for small businesses looking to export. There are 4,000 up for grabs on a first come, first served basis. Hyphens Delta Airlines accepts pets on a first-come, first-serve basis. Quotation marks NEWCASTLE United  is set to be sold on a first-come, first-served basis. I vote for the unhyphenated, unquoted comma version: The new phones will be sold on a first come, first served basis. Of course the problems of verb form and punctuation can be avoided entirely by going with FCFS. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†For Sale vs. On SalePractice or Practise?

Sino-American relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sino-American relations - Essay Example Given the importance of Sino-American relations, this paper examines important issues in the bilateral relations between the United States and China. To understand Sino-American relations, it is important to comprehend the parties' perception of each other. China has for long viewed the United States as its biggest foreign policy problem because, as the only global power in the post-Cold War and post-9/11 world, the latter more than any other country, has the ability to faciliate or hinder the fulfillment of vital Chinese foreign power objectives. These objectives range from coopting Taiwan into its territory, expanding economic prosperity and securing international recognition of China's status as a great power (Levine 91). While China's policy towards the United States is an area that engages the country's leaders and many of its citizens, the reverse is not true. Since the United States currently enjoys unipolarity, and will possibly continue to do so in the next few decades, the challenge for America is: how to preserve and promote American unipolarity (Zhang 686). Thus, while the United States is aware of the rising clout of the PRC, China is not on the top of Washington's foreign policy agenda (Levine 92-93), and probably only captures American attention insofar as it affects American hegemony. Taiwan and Japan In the shadow of this asymmetry in levels of interest, major conflicts of interest or real cooperation between the two giants unfold. Generally, such issues are connected with developments in Asia because it is in this region where the United States is most likely to come into contact with China (Wang [2]). A major worrisome security problem for China in Asia is the Republic of China ("ROC") on Taiwan. American interest in Taiwan is both historical and multi-faceted. For the first 30 years of the PRC's founding, the United States did not formally recognize the PRC. Rather, it recognized the ROC as the sole legitimate government of all China and maintained diplomatic relations with it. Although the United States transferred its recognition from Taipei to Beijing in the 1979's Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations ("Joint Communique") (Wikipedia, Sino-American relations), Taiwan's claims on American sympathies, which originated in Cold War anticommunism, have co ntinued to be reinvigorated by the transformation of the island into a vibrant plural democracy (Levine 101). Besides, American commercial, cultural and other unofficial contacts with Taiwan have continued since 1979 and indeed were acknowledged by Beijing in the Joint Communique. The United States is also a larger exporter of weaponry to Taiwan (Sino-American relations). In short, American interest in Taiwan is very much alive. To complicate matters, this interest is tied in with the United States' relations with Japan - one of its important allies in Asia. Since the end of the Cold War, the U.S.-Japanese securities alliances have strengthened instead of weakened. The relationship between the United States and Japan has grown stronger after 9/11 with Tokyo's dispatch of troops to support the occupation of Iraq and provision of substantial reconstruction assistance to Afghanistan and Iraq

Causes and costs of inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Causes and costs of inflation - Essay Example Inflation is defined as "an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy" (Mankiw & Taylor, 2006, p. 817). The rate of inflation which is the percentage change in the overall level of prices, varies greatly from time to time depending on the condition of the economy and the stage of development of a country. Inflation is generally measured by calculating the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by an average consumer. This is measurement is represented in the form of an index known as the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The rate of inflation is a cause of concern for policy makers, economists and the public alike. While most laypeople consider the existence of inflation to be undesirable, (because an increase in price levels without a corresponding increase in wages signifies a fall in purchasing power) economist tend to discount the much overplayed costs of inflation. To arrive at a conclusive opinion about the significance of the costs of inflation, it is first necessary to understand what causes inflation The main reason behind cases of high or persistent inflation is the growth in the quantity of money available in the economy. Monetarists believe that changes in the quantity of money are a direct cause of inflation. The quantity of money available in an economy is known as the money supply and is usually under the control of the government. The money supply in an economy is usually measured by the availability of currency (notes and coins), checkable deposits (demand deposits) as well as saving deposits, plus wholesale currency deposits, and in the broadest sense foreign currency deposits may also be included. Different measures of money are used according to need but the most common is M2 (Cash in circulation plus demand deposits). (Sloman, 1999, p. 560) The quantity theory of money states that people hold money because they wish to engage in transactions to buy goods and services. The greater the need for transactions the greater will be the amount of money held. The amount of money held is expressed through the following equation, where M=quantity of money, V= velocity of money-the rate at which money circulates, P= average price of a transaction and T= total number of transactions over a period of time. M V = P T It is more useful and practical to substitute T with Y, which is the level of Output of an economy. The level of output will determine the number of transaction over a period of time and thus the equation changes to M V = P Y This equates the quantity of money available to the value of goods and services of an economy (GDP). The velocity of money is held to be constant to make the model simpler. If one variable on the left side of the equation increases then there should be a corresponding increase in one of the variables on the right side. If velocity is taken to be constant, and level of output of an economy is taken to be a function of the factors of production, then any changes in M will result in corresponding change in the price level: P. Thus if an increase in money supply causes the nominal GDP to increase and the there is no increase in the output of goods and services then it is an obvious conclusion that the price levels have increased. The quantity theory thus implies that the price level is proportional to the money supply (Mankiw, 2003, pp.

Effects of sensory interventions Essay Example for Free

Effects of sensory interventions Essay Autism is a failure to develop social abilities, language and other communication skills to the usual level. Students with complication may not be able to communicate effectively and interact with others at full capacity. Social growth is very necessary for any student and if autism happens to be the case such students will be socially misplaced and their performance in class work may be poor. Autism results to use of a language that cannot be well understood by both other students and teachers. Language use is very important in social interaction because is what avoids misunderstandings. Communication skills are required to enable someone to pass message to other and receive message from other too. Davis K. (1990) Sensory has to do with anything that is connected to physical sciences of touch, smell, taste, hearing and seeing. Failure of such senses may lead to autism because students will not be at the same level in class and this calls for special attention in order to manage students effectively and improve their performance in school work. Students with different levels of hearing, seeing, taste, smell and touch will not be able to develop their social abilities because they will be sensing at different levels and common grounds is not reached. Those with difficulties to see may also not be able to answer questions in class because they did not read what was a perquisite or requirement. Autism can be due to a dementia which is a medical condition that affect especially old people causing gradual worsening of their memory and other mental abilities and leading to a confused behaviour. Students may have this complication due their old age and they deserve special attention because they are members of the school community. Notbohme (2006) Sensory Interventions Sensory interventions refer to measures intentionally made to be a solution to complications through the use of senses. This involves dealing with the senses of hearing, smelling, tasting, touching and seeing to deal with autism. It is believed that autism is related to these natural senses and if one of them is not functional one may have the condition. Patients of memory loss and other mental disabilities or even confused behaviour have low chances for relating to activities in which they meet and spend time other people during the time that they are not in school. This is clear case of autism. Their mind operations are influenced by this kind of illness (disorder, their senses are tampered with and they may not be able to fit in the community/society well. The extreme results of lack of sense will be related and if concern for these kind of patients. By sampling we determine the results of one-person sensory activity programs on eight autism patients who all needed psychiatric help and attention. Records on their behaviors were taken; when in progress of sessions and after the sessions to view the victim’s responses. Adaptive operation and the state of health were checked too. The effect turned to be short lined except of the active looking, which preserved when the session was in progress. Behaviors to change also positively changed but there was no change in the state of health or happiness. The experiment shows that sensory interventions can make an autism student feel happier and more relaxed or to be more healthy. Lundine V. (2006) In suitable and disapproved actions are the cases in dementia. They affect an autism student in emotions and money involved. Psychosocial theoretical methods can be used to elaborate on unsuitable behaviors in dementia: the needy method, an action/changing method and an environmental exposure/ low stress level method. An analysis review. A survey obtained one hundred and sixty six non pharmacological intervention analysis which used these types of interventions, sensory, social behavior (actual or expected, actions therapy, professional growth and development, organized activities, use of the environment medical attention and comprehensive therapies. Most of the respondents had a plus formal contact is always not always major and effect. Good mergers of these involvements in autism student requirements and abilities lead to helpfulness in autism students and their attendants in this case who will be the teachers. Wagner (1999) This is form of a long-term measure to reduce the effects of autism in older students. This is normally applied in cases where a medical state affects especially old students causing gradual decline of the memory and other mental abilities and leads to a confused behaviour. Autism also affects a student expenditure on medical attention. Money may be wasted for his/her academics or extracurricular but he/she is not fully utilizing this expenditure. Lack of capacity to socialize proper leads to cases of immature grownups because social life is as important as school life and the two go together. Failure to communicate effectively by students can be due to high stress levels may to change of environment. Being isolated by others. It is always necessary to determine the actual cause of autism because this the way to determine how to solve the condition. Cohen M. J (2001) Stroke may be one cause of autism. The arms should be made to function in stroke victims. The effects of cure methods especially those for enhancing hands/arms functioning. This has been studied in continued cases of stroke victims. The objective of this examination was to determine the impact of a particular sensory intervention on hands functioning in the severe cases immediately after stroke. In one of the random sample under controlled trial hundred autism students were subjected to a trial group that was treated by sensorimotor effectors to the control crowd. Milrenda Pl (2005) The sensory intervention was done for twelve weeks. Autism students were examined for extend of damage and disablement; before the, during and immediately after the sensory intervention process and thereafter between twelve and twelve months after stroke. The results showed that the experimental crowd was a little bit better on the extend of impalement test than the crowd for control purpose during the ongoing of the study. Vibrancies were major only afterwards. Results on the disablement showed no change on the extend of disability. This was due to the continuous triggering of the body and nerves activity. The treatment was felt most in the autism students with extreme lack of motor and lack of attention/hemianopie. Sensory interventions did not have any impact on the autism students. Having a focused sensory intervention during the extreme phase after stroke positively changed the motor recovery; which was the case two years afterwards. This shows the gain due to sensory interventions for the hand. Feys HM (1998) Strange/unusual response to sensory stimuli and un normal motor indications been medically reported in autism students. The medical cause of the unusual behavioral conditions needs to be thorough scrutinized. Multiple sensory and sensory interventions have been made to be used on autism students to deal with such complications. Confusion is on the results/findings of the therapies. This page talks about the way human mind works and how it influences behaviour or the influence of a particular persons character on their behavior. Sensory interventions are normally based on the hearing, seeing, tasting and touching sense. These interventions aim at determining the changes in a person’s behaviour. The autism students are supposed to improve on their communication skills in order to enhance their interactions socially. Interactions between students and with teachers are very crucial because this is the only way of determining the student’s weaknesses and strengths. Sensory interventions are made to change the conditions of autism and therefore a student is able to be advised/guided on his weak areas so that he/she can acquire skills and knowledge for this is the only way to improve somebody’s ability to perform after carrier training. Professional growth and development can therefore be achieved if he autism is reversed and someone is ready to interact with others during class activities and on the field. Sensory interventions are therefore necessary to prepare someone for the encounters he/she will go through in the field while trying to gain experience which is necessary for human capital accumulation. They are also meant to reduce the losses that hey may have been incurring due to lack of concentration. Bardnik G. T (2003) Physiatrist’s advice that social interactions and communication skills can be improved through participation n field activities. These include games or group assignments. All these make the body to vibrate and the scenes of touching a hearing is improved. It is also believed that participation in games leads to the sport of teamwork in order to win a game. Players are therefore expected to work together in order to defeat the opponents. This team work is translated into the social areas whereby autism students believe that people need tone another and you should know how to pass your message so that friends can respond as was the case in the field game where you wanted to make a move. Students learn to ask questions for academic work so that they can be fully answered and they therefore understand the units taught so that they can improve their grades. Through exercise, the body vibrates and therefore the mind is reached ad stress levels are reduced. Autism can be out of high stress levels and incase this is not sorted out early in advance, complications may occur later on in life whereby someone has the same problem at the workplace and team work spirit is not acquired. At the present sensory intervention results show that vibration is crucial is gaining body strength and the ability of human beings. Through exercise autism students gain body fitness which translate into confidence and they are bale to approach other students and make conversations. Through exercise, autism students may start to be admired by their colleague and this makes others advance towards those students who are poor in social interactions. Autism students are therefore motivated and may decide to change. Cardinale M and C. Bosco (2003) In medicine, focused sensory interventions for traumatized students can help reduce the activities of the medical staff in dealing with such cases. Sensory interventions fake little time uses relaxation techniques for individual’s grownups and coordination with parents and can be applied on a wide variety of autism cases. Organized exercises aim at enhancing stress recovery and dealing with future cases of trauma. It has ban proved that such cases of trauma leading to trauma can be reduced. These sensory interventions need to be communicated to the teachers/parents so that they can know how to deal with autism students because they are the people dealing with student s directly and they know them better. They are therefore the people to be engaged with the interventions so that maximum impact can be realized. Kids, teenagers and old students traumatized through losses war attacker through catastrophes can be given psychiatric help before the situation turns in to autism. Solutions for all age groups are available because social interaction and communication skills at different ages are different because these age groups have different ways of spending their social time. The space that has been created through trauma is filled up and the autism students are now to interact with others and convey their feelings in time. Autism students who may defect a gas leakage. His only when fire happens that they realize that something was wrong. Autism students may assume that the school community neglects them. So with the involvement of teachers in the sensory interventions, they feel appreciated and will be encouraged to interact with others so that they can also get to know their source of autism. Steele, William Raider (2006) Students with little moderate or extreme cases of disabilities in schools have been on the increase. Some of these disabilities include hearing, sensory or even crippled ness. These are people who have special issues for they cant freely move and mingle with the rest of the students. When he others students are playing, these ones are isolated and may therefore not acquire skills for interactions and may continue to have interaction problems. They may be not able to speak therefore their communication is limited. Schools should determine the right instructional operations for students with disabilities. Observational research is aimed at determining the link in student behaviour and classroom and tutor changes. Student’s performance in education work or extracurricular is determined by their social interactions because work without play makes John a dull boy. Interactions students and the environment is mainly through sense and sensory interventions are meant enhance this. The sense to hear, smell. Touch and taste can be aimed at improving the environment/student relationship and this enhances student’s performance. Autism can be said to be one of the indicators of group work performance and if this is due to disabilities the position may never be better. Effects of sensory intervention include improved hearing may be through an artificial device, seeing through improving eyesight by using glasses and using devices to make somebody’s hand move incase of stroke. All these have proved to have a positive effects on autism students because the artificial devices enable them do what others do and they will be at the same level and interaction is easy. Communication is therefore improved and students engage in discussion groups to better their grades. Kent R (1997) Autism student should not be isolated because the impact of sensory interventions will not be felt. They should be in the same class as others so that the change can be noticed. This helps development with peers due to the support activities offered. Being in their own class won’t help because this lead to a more spread of the sense. Being with others can assist them to work on their own senses and can be able to identify when they are not at the same level with the rest. Keeping people with no sense of touch or seeing together doesn’t help because no one will be able to help the other. Learning from the socially acceptable ones is necessary and one may make people to determine their weaknesses. The better one will help autism students determine where they need to make changes so that they sense can function like the rest. Being with others will also help in that response rte to sensory interventions for the autism students can be determined and explained by the other students to the teachers. Sensory intervention is said to be more effective if autism students are in the same class with ordinary students than if they are isolated. Full inclusion in the school setup is very necessary because it also improves the sense of belonging and autism students will feel appreciated. Autism can at times be due to neglect and dejection at home and if these students are not given attention in school, the disorder may not change even after applying sensory interventions. Full inclusion is also what helps other students determine the causes of such cases because through talking after sensory intervention has been applied, they get a chance to explain their feelings and other non autism students can avoid such. Sensory interventions through exercise conditions on stereotypic behaviors is six grownups of both autism and moderate to extreme mental retardation The victim’s actions and reactions were observed in a regulated environment in the absence and in the present of two-exercise one pact of action status. Out of the six two were picked randomly to go a workout in the absence of a community integrated voice performance. The physical workout lowered the maladapted and stereotypic actions and reactions of grown ups of autism and mental incapability can be proved to have effects. However some help was received from the officials and supervisors of the behaviour development and learning center at Camarillo state hospital and developmental center headed by Israel Rerel, Ellie Kinmbaur, Judy Bapitsta, Kristine Herman and mostly those involved. Elliot B. O (2005) It is also believed that the without the sense of touch may be due to stroke can acquire this through exercise of the body. This improves the coordination of the body parts and the nervous system. Such incapability’s may be hindering autism students from proper social interactions and this reduces their ability to communicate effectively. When the body becomes active, they now have the enthusiasm to be with others because they can relate at the same level and mutual understanding is achieved. Routledge (1999) pg. 230-236 Mental retardation may lead to lack of tasting capabilities and when it comes to fading, autism students may not be able to express their feeling and may continue to be disappointed. When mental retardation is solved through sensory intervention, a change is felt because social interaction on at food joint is enhanced.

Technology And Society Essay -- Society Technology Innovation Change

Technology and Society Historical evolution of technology and its impact on society In society today, technology plays an important role in people's lives and in businesses and organizations around the world. "Most technologies existing today were designed to expedite the way we manage, store, handle, analyze, and communicate information." It has evolved over many years and the beginning of it can be traced back to the Industrial Revolution where machines began to replace the manual labor of skilled workers. Since then, technology has brought about many changes that have affected businesses and people both in a positive and negative manner. However, getting employees and managers to accept it hasn't always been an easy task. "Even when employees think technology is a good idea, many don't take to it naturally." The reason that employees resist change with technology varies from employee to employee. Whether they are concerned about how foolish it can make them look, don't understand the need for it, or worried that it could be replacing them in the future, there's usually some sort of hesitance. Nonetheless, many accept and welcome the challenge because it can make many jobs and lives easier. The evolution of technology has provided for faster communication methods, has made storing data easier, and has made some jobs less complicated. Before the telephone was invented in the late 1800's by Alexander Graham Bell, communication over long distances could take considerable amounts of time. The process was usually very slow by way of a messenger or through the mail. There was not the ease of picking up a telephone, sending a... ... of a nuclear war. The creation of robotics has replaced many workers around the world therefore causing more people to look down upon it. Many have also been reluctant due to the fear of the unknown. "If employees don't understand the reason for change and they aren't involved in planning for it, they're going to resist it." With all its advantages and disadvantages one main question still remains, is technology good or evil? That's a topic that is always open for debate, however no one can argue that technology will continue to evolve and play a crucial role for many people and business organizations around the world.

Ego and Super Ego in Dante’s Inferno

Catherine Craven GHUM200, Tu/Th 12:25 October 23rd, 2012 Compare the relationship between Virgil and Dante in Inferno with Sigmund Freud’s discussion of the conscience or super-ego in Civilization and Its Discontents. How does Freud explain and characterize the relationship between super-ego and ego in the individual? Cite examples of the interaction between Virgil and Dante and compare closely with Freud’s discussion of the psychical agencies, super-ego and ego: To what extent does the dynamic between Virgil and Dante illustrate the same pattern or features? Freud meets Dante: Ego and Super-Ego in InfernoIn his book Civilization and Its Discontents, Sigmund Freud offers an explanation for why, as individuals, we tend to punish ourselves with guilt, often times in response to menial things. This explanation has led to the ideas of the ego, and the super-ego. According to Freud, one is responsible for our actions and how the world views us, while the other acts as a â₠¬Å"watchdog,† or an authority, in times of wrongdoing. An example of these two concepts is the relationship shared between the characters Dante and Virgil throughout Dante’s poem, The Divine Comedy Volume 1: Inferno.This relationship consists of an authoritative guide and a sinful follower, and therefore Dante and Virgil represent the relationship between the ego and the super-ego. In Civilization and Its Discontents, Sigmund Freud asserts that one of the primary and most important functions of a civilized society is to control the individual’s natural impulses towards aggressive behavior. These impulses, according to Freud, are caused by the ego, which is the element within an individual that is responsible for their actions, decisions, ideas, rationalizations, and logical thought.Therefore, the ego thinks things through, and eventually comes to decisions and actions, regardless of whether or not the things decided upon or thought about are deemed as â€Å"badà ¢â‚¬  by society. Furthermore, the ego seeks to avoid any kind of pain or suffering, and instead seeks out ways to gain personal happiness. However, According to Freud, the super-ego exists as a way to level out the ego, and, in a way, keep it in check. Therefore, the super-ego is responsible for an individual’s conscience, or, their ability to feel guilt.Freud continues his explanation of these concepts by asserting the idea that the super-ego calls our attention to our own failures and misconducts, and attempts to assist us in learning from them in order to avoid making similar mistakes in the future. Furthermore, the conscience is the form in which the super-ego controls our actions and thoughts, and creates guilt within us. Therefore, the ego is the decision-making, acting part of an individual, while the super-ego acts as the ego’s voice of authority and control (Freud).Moreover, the relationship between the characters of Dante and Virgil in Dante’s Infern o stands as an excellent example of the relationship between the ego and the super-ego. In the opening of the poem, the character of Dante finds himself lost in a place he does not know, surrounded by terrifying beasts. In this dark moment, Virgil, a ghost from an earlier time, comes forwards and reveals to Dante that, because sin has obstructed his path to God, he must journey through hell and purgatory in order to return to life, as he once knew it. This journey, according to Virgil, would allow Dante to overcome his sin and, at last, find God’s love.However, Dante does not believe he can complete the journey alone, at which point Virgil assures Dante that he will guide him throughout the entire voyage. Virgil takes on the role of Dante’s guide very naturally, and starts him on his trip through hell. Throughout the journey, Virgil makes sure that Dante is witness to the all of the horrible punishments that evil receives in hell, and what will be his fate if he does n ot return to the path of God. However, Virgil does not only physically guide Dante through the circles of hell, but also reinforces the moral lessons that he must learn from all of the things he sees.Furthermore, Virgil acts as a protector over Dante, keeping him safe from evil creatures, such as demons and monsters, although he does allow Dante to make decisions and learn lessons the hard way often. Furthermore, the relationship between Dante and Virgil can easily be compared, and made almost parallel to the relationship between the ego and the super-ego. Without a doubt, the ego in this situation is Dante. This can be seen in the way that Dante’s actions before his journey led him to stray from his path to God. As the ego, Dante’s sinful thoughts eventually led to sinful actions, which in turn led to Virgil’s intervention.Also, Dante chooses to complete the journey through hell because he wants more than anything to rid himself of his sins and start over with God’s love. This embodies the ego because it seeks out happiness, and attempts to avoid any kind of suffering. Moreover, Virgil represents the super-ego, and fully epitomizes the â€Å"watchdog† label that Freud gave to the term. For instance, the super-ego forces the ego to recognize failures, which causes guilt. In turn, the ego is given a better understanding of what it has done wrong, and is more easily able to correct fault.Virgil plays this role in the way that he confronts Dante about the sinful life he has led, and then takes him through hell, thus allowing him to see what he may become, and motivate change within him. Another example of the two characters representing the ego and super-ego is the way that Dante sympathizes with some of the sinners in hell, and Virgil’s reaction to it. As Dante interacts with the sinners and shows them compassion, Virgil does not stop him. However, Virgil is extremely impatient with Dante, and even more disapproving towa rds him.In these situations, Virgil plays the part of the super-ego by allowing Dante to make his own decisions and act on them, while simultaneously trying to moralize him by causing incredibly guilt. Eventually, Virgil’s actions work in his favor, and Dante realizes that he is not helping the sinners, but merely wasting his pity on them. This is a perfect example of the super-ego using guilt to force changes it feels are necessary on the ego. In conclusion, Freud’s ego and super-ego are clearly embodied by the characters of Dante and Virgil in Dante’s Inferno.The character of Dante begins the story as a sinful man who is not only in need of guidance, but that also very much desires to find God’s love and create a happier life for himself. The character Virgil then seeks him out in order to help and guide Dante through a journey of moral lessons and reality checks, using the power of conscience and guilt, as opposed to force. Therefore, the relationship between the ego and the super-ego is clearly illustrated in the relationship and journey of the characters Dante and Virgil in The Divine Comedy Volume 1: Inferno.

The Secret River Essay

Belonging occurs when individuals understand the people and the world around them. How is this evident in two of the texts you have studied? Belonging, that is, the connection an individual feels to the world he or she inhabits often comes down to the specific factors and forces that shape their experience. In the text The Secret River, author Kate Grenville illuminates a number of key issues in regard to belonging, none of these more poignant that place, location and locus often functions as a key determinant of belonging. This concept of belonging is also highlighted in Shaun Tan’s pictorial narrative, The Arrival, in which the importance of home and family and the sense of harmony and happiness that comes with understanding relationships with the people we love. The determinants of belonging vary depending on an individual and their views and experiences; ones sense of belonging may come down to who they are with without the location being a factor, where they are located and the physical environmental features and one’s culture and traditions. These varying determinants of ones belonging are represented in The Secret River and The Arrival in which each protagonist has different approaches to their ideal conclusion of belonging. Australian author Kate Grenville’s 2005 novel, The Secret River, explores the concept that place and geographical context and circumstance will often play a key role in determining one’s belonging. The opening pages of the novel introduce William Thornhill, a convict, transported to New South Wales in the year 1806. Thornhill’s journey tells of the great physical distance that now separates Thornhill from the warm familiarity of life at home in London; Thornhill’s new world is foreign, inhospitable place, disorientating in its otherness, and becomes a metonym for the great yearning Thornhill now has for his erstwhile life in England. To express this idea of one’s understanding and connectedness with their world being a determinant to their sense of belonging, Grenville uses a number of techniques such as hyperbole and simile. Grenville’s third person narrator describes the Alexander, Thornhill’s ship, as having â€Å"fetched up at the end of the Earth. This hyperbole creates an image unassailable distance, of diametric extremity and in so doing dramatizes the concept of distance which, in turn, comes to represent Thornhill’s alienation from the world he knows and loves. Grenville uses figurative language to bring into focus her main character William Thornhill’s attachment t, and ultimate dislocation from the two places he calls home: A New South Wales penal colony, and London. London and the themes are represented in the simile, â€Å"as intimate to him as breathing. In this case, the simile takes the idea of breathing which is both natural to us and essential to our being. This idea of intimacy then extends to Thornhill’s essential attachment to home and his understanding and recognition of its world. Like breathing itself, Thornhill’s London life is a giving force. When it comes to describing Thornhill’s antipathy to his new life in New South Wales, Grenville’s simile describes a disconnect, a non-relationship. Whereas Thornhill is closely familiar with the London night sky in his new life the stars are â€Å"meaningless as spilt rice†. This simile neatly captures Thornhill’s disorientation. The image of â€Å"split rice† suggests something both random and accidental. This reflects his emotive alienation of moving and not belonging in his new world. The idea that one must understand and be familiar with their environment and its individual traits that are only recognisable and known if you have a personal sense of belonging to our world. One of the main ideas that emerges In Shaun Tan’s, The Arrival is that belonging is often influenced and shaped by family and the personal intimacies family offers. Tan develops this theme through the use of a number of specific visual devices. In chapter one of the narrative Tan describes a situation where the husband of the family unit must leave his family for another, distant nation. Tan stresses the significance of family through the use of vectoring and shot size. Tan presents a close up shot of the father-daughter hand clasp emphasising not only the physical bond that unites the family but the emotional connectedness they share. The hand clasp is effectively a metaphor for connectedness and the close up emphasises the significance of family. In addition to this Tan uses vectoring. Strong vectors direct the reader to the hand clasp which is positioned precisely at the centre of the page; this central placement of the image then becomes a metonym for the central significance and place of family in the fathers life: To further accentuate the significance of family in determining belonging, Tan again employs shot size in a subsequent image, the hand clasp is replaced by a broken hand-clasp, the close up and the tiny interstice that now separates the hands becomes a key signifier of the separation the ather must now endure. The belonging once evident in the intimacy of the hand clasp is replaced with the separation and the emptiness of the broken embrace. As a final and consolidating reminder of the fathers separation from family, Tan uses and extreme close long shot of the father’s departing train. the train is a remote presence on the horizon, the horizon itself a symbol of distance. The warmer physicality of earlier imagery is now replaced with the distant train, visible more as a puff of soon to be extinct smoke on the horizon- thus the once tangible presence of the family is replaced with the immaterial image of a train quickly travelling past the sight of the eye. The contrast demonstrates the obvious way in which the understanding family members have with each other results in a strong sense of belonging. Once separation takes place- belonging itself starts to fade, and an individual must than consider the effects of alienation and unfamiliarity. Belonging, that is, the connection an individual feels to the world he or she inhabits often comes down to the specific factors that shape their experience. One’s world is made up of their individual cultures, location, experiences, familiarity, relationships and environments. This idea is represented in The Arrival and The Secret River, in which each protagonist’s sense of belonging comes down to several of these factors of belonging. For some, time will result in a once unknown and alienated sense or place, to a comfortable and evolving feeling inhabited by an individual, and for others, belonging is concrete mindset in which they need to experience the sense of belonging.

Historical view of Prisons essays

Historical view of Prisons essays A major and prominent development occurred between the late eighteen and the early twentieth century. This development was the use of prison as a mean of punishment. It was at this time which saw the emergence of the idea of the prison as an institution of first option within which the criminal would be reformed. Also during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, saw the development of a range of alternative institutions and sentencing practices, with prison more as a last resort. However, the purpose of imprisonment was to become a major ongoing debate between those advocating its punitive aspects and those its reformatory potential. In this presentation I am going to look at how convincing the view that prisons developed to discipline the working class as opposed to punish offenders. William Eden in 1771 published the influential Principles of Penal Law. In this publication he doubted the value of prison sentences; it was his belief that confinement often made offenders worse. With this principle, Eden, began helping to draft new penitentiary legislation which had the intent of putting offenders into regulated, orderly prisons. The Penitentiary Act was passed in Parliament in 1779. This act was drafted by Eden and also Blackstone and Howard and provided for the construction of two penitentiaries in the Metropolis, one for 600 men, the other for 300 women. Offenders held at these premises could be imprisoned for up to two years and would hold offenders otherwise liable for transportation. They were to be uniformed, kept to hard labour in association with each other during the day. At night they were to be shut in solitary confinement. Section 5 of the act stressed the reforming intentions of the penitentiaries: Inmates were to be accustomed to habits of industry. The legislators were determined to make confinement adequately hard, rigorous and unpleasant. The ...

Google N-gram Viewer

Google N-gram Viewer Google N-gram Viewer Google N-gram Viewer By Maeve Maddox I’ve just discovered an online time suck that is not only addictive to the language lover, but a source of writerly ideas. It’s the Google N-gram Viewer. N-grams are drawn from a text or speech corpus that shows how the frequency of a word or phrase changes over time. The corpus for the Google N-gram Viewer is a database of more than five million digitized books published between 1500 and 2008. The GNV holds an intrinsic interest for me because I write about language, but it is also of value to me as a writer of historical fiction. It’s a means of catching anachronistic vocabulary in a story set in the past. Another use of the GNV databasealso of value to writers- is to get a notion of changes in cultural values as reflected in published materials. In her article about the negative consequence of the modern worship of individualism, Emily Esfahani Smith uses the GNV to plot the decline of words and phrases associated with community, religious attitudes and responsibility to others. She observes that in the 1920s, words like give and benevolence began to decline, while words like get and acquisition began to climb. I did a search of my own on some words and phrases. The dreary vulgarities that appear so much on Facebook began to soar from the 1960s to the present. The phrase â€Å"do your duty† began a precipitous plunge in 1920. Think, The Great Gatsby. The Smith article refers to the theories of sociologist Emile Durkheim. He found a link between the cult of individualism and the social alienation that leads to unhappiness and suicide. According to Durkheim, cutting oneself off from traditional restraints and norms of behavior in quest of individual freedom results in depression and social decay. Ironically, the quest for self-empowerment leads to a sense of powerlessness. Are these ideas reflected in the GNV? They seem to be. The word empowerment flies straight up on the chart from 1980 to the present. The word powerlessness shows a pretty straight climb from 1960. The phrase, â€Å"I do not like anyone† climbs steeply from 1980. The phrase â€Å"not worth living† gathers speed in 1960. In addition to words and phrases, you can enter proper names and book titles, but entries containing more than five words will not work. Contractions won’t work either. Note: The word engram is a term used in neuropsychology. Engram: a memory-trace; a permanent and heritable physical change in the nerve tissue of the brain, posited to account for the existence of memory. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should Know50 Types of PropagandaMankind vs. Humankind

Hegemony And International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hegemony And International Relations - Essay Example Normally, countries will ‘inherit’ this dominating characteristics or factors from its history. However, certain countries will go in search of certain factors. That is, dominating factors like status, reputation, economy, etc. will be normally sought by all countries, but these are the key factors that would make countries dominate in the negative sense, and thereby have hegemony. This concept of hegemony was studied and interpreted by many thinkers all over the world, particularly in relation to international relations. So, this paper will discuss Antonio Gramsci’s notion of hegemony and how it is useful for the study of International relations. Antonio Gramsci’s experiences in Russia made him realize that Marxist theory of power was based on force and coercion to control and govern people. So, he took an opposite stance and hypothesized that most of the time, political power in liberal democracies is exercised not through government use of force, but through a dominant world-view, or ideology. However, he continues and takes a common stance by stating that a country needs both these controls for it to survive and stand up, with Hegemony being the subtle end result. â€Å"Domination, which referred to direct physical coercion by police and armed forces and hegemony which referred to both ideological control and more crucially, consent† (Burke 1999). In the narrow sense, it applies mainly to a nations political domination over another nation or group. It is a set of strategies implemented through various means like violence, media power, economic power, etc, etc†¦ by the dominant groups in order to secure the consent of the subordinate groups directly or indirectly, legally or illegally.

Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Nursing - Assignment Example Both studies seem to promote the idea that critical thinking could be based on the learning process, but just partially. The personal attitudes of nurses are able to affect their critical thinking. It has been made clear that critical thinking, as all other elements of nursing, can be influenced by the social and economic environment of nurses. In this context, critical thinking has been proved to be a rather complex process, which could be only partially controlled through the learning process. Critical thinking is an important element of nursing. In the literature, emphasis is given on critical thinking as a vital skill of nurses. In this context, most studies published in this field promote the idea that critical thinking should be an indispensable part of education in nursing. The specific issue is explored in the two studies analyzed in this paper. In the first of these studies, the study of Raymond-Seniuk & McGrath (2011) emphasis is given on the philosophical perspectives of critical thinking, especially in regard to nursing (Raymond-Seniuk & McGrath 2011, p.45). The specific study presents a series of definitions of critical thinking, aiming to show the potential role of critical thinking in nursing. At the same time, a comparative analysis is provided between critical thinking and certain philosophical concepts, such as person, knowledge and truth (Raymond-Seniuk & McGrath 2011, p.47-48). The above study aims to show the relationship between nursing and critical th inking especially in regard to the following issue: whether critical thinking in nursing can be taught or not. On the other hand, the study of Wang & Liao (2012) presents a critical example of the incorporation of critical thinking in nursing education: reference is made to the communication skills incorporated in the English communication classes of baccalaureate nursing students’ (Wang & Liao 2012,